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What is heartburn and reflux?

Heartburn is a burning pain or discomfort in the chest. It is a symptom of reflux and typically occurs after eating. Heartburn is caused by the relaxation or weakness of a muscle at the lower end of the oesophagus, allowing stomach acid to escape and irritate the oesophagus. Factors such as muscle dysfunction, high stomach acid production (such as during periods of stress), being overweight or obese, pregnancy, certain medications, and exercising soon after eating can contribute to heartburn.

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What are common triggers for heartburn and reflux?
Some people experience heartburn regardless of their diet, while others find specific foods or meals trigger their symptoms. Common food triggers include large meals, fatty or spicy foods, coffee and cola drinks, citrus foods, alcohol, chocolate, peppermints, and smoking cigarettes. Other risk factors for heartburn include being overweight or obese, being pregnant, and taking certain medications.
What are the symptoms of heartburn and reflux?
Heartburn presents as pain, discomfort, or a burning sensation in the chest, which may radiate from the lower chest to the neck. The pain typically worsens when lying down or bending over.
When should I speak to a doctor?
If over-the-counter treatments for heartburn are ineffective or relied upon frequently, it is advisable to see a doctor. Additionally, seeking medical attention is necessary if weight loss, difficulty swallowing, pain with swallowing, or vomiting (especially if blood is present) are experienced.
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How are heartburn and reflux diagnosed?
In most cases, doctors can diagnose heartburn by discussing symptoms and triggers. However, if heartburn occurs more than twice a week, it may be a symptom of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) or other gastrointestinal conditions, which can be diagnosed through endoscopy.
How are heartburn and reflux treated?
Mild and occasional heartburn can often be managed with lifestyle changes, such as eating smaller, more frequent meals, avoiding trigger foods, not lying down immediately after meals, elevating the head of the bed, losing weight if necessary, quitting smoking, and wearing loose clothing. It is recommended to discuss any medications with a doctor to determine if they can benefit you.

Sources:

https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heartburn, Gastroenterological Society of Australia (Heartburn - Oesophageal reflux), Gastroenterological Society of Australia (GESA Clinical Update: Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease in adults))

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